VO Klyuchevsky. Course of Russian Stories LECTURE VIII
Northern Black Sea coast and the eastern Azov long before our era, were dotted with Greek colonies, the main ones were: Olbia, derived of Miletus for 6 centuries before p. x., deep in the estuary of the East Bug (against Nikolayev), Chersonese on the southwest coast of Crimea, Feodosia and Pantikapey (now Kerch) on the south-eastern coast, Phanagoria on the Taman Peninsula on the Asian side of the Kerch Strait, or the ancient Cimmerian Bosporus, finally, Tanais at the mouth of the Don. Due to industrial activities of the Greek colonies Dnepr long before p. x. there was a great trade route, about which he knew Herodotus and the Greeks, among other things, receive amber from the Baltic Sea coast. Our ancient tale of the beginning of Russia also remember an old commercial importance Dnieper. Once placed it on the plains of eastern Slavs, before proceeding to the presentation of the ancient traditions of the Russian land, she hastens to describe this road along the Dnieper: go "route from the Vikings to the Greeks and the Greek of the Dnieper and upper dies of the Dnieper to Lovoti on Lovoti might enter into Ilmen great lake, from the same lake it flows Volkhov and vtechet in the great lake Nevo and the lake vnidet estuary into the sea Varangian, and by the sea ichi to Rome and from Rome priti on the same sea to Tsaryugorodu, but from Tsaryagoroda moreover, in the waters the sea, in the undesirable vtechet Dnieper river. "Sowing the Dnieper, Eastern Slavs found themselves in this very circular waterways, surrounding the whole of Europe. This Dnipro and its tributaries, and he became the eastern Slavs powerful nutrient artery of the economy, plunging them into complex trade movement, which then went in the south-eastern corner of Europe. His grass-roots over and left tributary of Dnepr pulled Slavic settlers to the Black Sea and Caspian markets. This trade movement vyznalo develop the natural resources of the country occupied by the settlers. Eastern Slavs, as we know, took a predominantly forest area plains. This forest belt to its wealth of fur and forest bee-keeping (apiculture) and delivered the Slavs abundant material for foreign trade. Since then, furs, honey, wax, were the main articles of Russian exports, since under tillage for yourself or with a small export started sweating system forests, which lasted for centuries and left a deep imprint on the economic and social life and even the national character of Russian people. Forest hunter and the bee-hunter - the earliest type, clearly designate the history of Russian national economy.
One external condition is particularly promoted the success of this trade. It so happened that around the time when the Eastern Slavs from the west come into our valley, sat on its forests, the opposite east side of the Volga and Don, on the southern Russian steppes spread new Asian horde, Khazars, a long time wandering between the Black and Caspian seas. They began to assert to the northern shores of Pontus, and in the steppes between the Don and the Dnieper it since VII. When the Slavs began settling in our valley. Khazars - nomadic a tribe of Turkic origin, but it was not like its predecessors, and had followed him the Asian hordes, continuity prevailed in Southern Russia steppes. Khazars soon began to leave the nomadic life with his predation and to use peaceful fisheries. They were the cities where they moved during the winter to summer steppe nomads. In VIII. dwelt among them from the Caucasus, industrial, Jews and Arabs. Jewish influence here was so strong that the dynasty hozarskih Hagan with his court, ie, the upper class society hozarskogo adopted Judaism. Sprawled on the vast steppes along the Volga and Don, Khazars founded a center their state in the lower reaches of the Volga. Here, the capital of Itil soon became a huge multilingual torzhischem where near lived Mohammedans, Jews, Christians and pagans. Khazars, together with the Volga Bulgars were a living intermediary trade exchange, is underway between the Baltic and North East some Arab with half of the VIII century., about the time when the Abbasids, when the center of the caliphate moved from Damascus to Baghdad. In VIII. Khazars conquered the tribes of the eastern Slavs, who lived close to the steppes, meadows, northerners, vyatichey. Ancient Kievan tradition celebrated the impression made on the Khazars conquered the Slavs of the Dnieper - impression People nevoinstvennogo and nezhestokogo, soft. Chronicle tells how the Khazars began to take tribute from the field. Found Hazars meadows, seated on the mountains So (at the high right bank of the Dnieper), in the woods, and said Khazars: "Pay us tribute." Thought meadow and gave "the smoke" (each house) to the sword. So they took this tribute Khazars to the prince and his elders and told them: "Here we found a new tribute." Those asked: "Where?" - "In the forest on the mountains along the river Dnepr. - "And they gave you?" Those shown swords. And they told the elders hozarskie: "Not good, this tribute to the prince, and we find out her arms one-sided, ie swords, and these double-edged weapon, ie a sword, and they will take tribute from us and other countries. "So it has come true: own Hazars Russian and to this day. The irony, of which sounds in this saga, shows that hozarskoe yoke was for the Dnieper Slavs are not particularly hard, and not scary. On the contrary, by depriving the eastern Slavs external independence, it gave them greater economic benefits. Since then, for dneprovtsev obedient tributaries Khazars were open prairie river road, which led to the Black Sea and Caspian markets. Under the auspices of Khazars on these rivers and walked a brisk trade from the Dnieper. Meet a number of fairly early indications on the success of this trade. Arab writer of IX. Hordadbe, a contemporary Rurik and Askold, notes that Russian merchants bringing in goods from the distant edges of his country to the Black Sea to the Greek city where the Byzantine emperor taking with them a tithe (trading fee), that the same merchants for the Don and Volga hozarskoy down to the capital, where the ruler Hazars takes with them as tithe, go in the Caspian Sea, to penetrate the south-eastern shores of him and even wheeling their wares by camel to Baghdad, where they were seen Hordadbe. This news so important that it goes back to the first half of the IX. no later than 846, that is, two decades before the assumed time chronicler of the vocation of Rurik and his brothers. How many generations, it was necessary to pave such distant and diverse trade routes from the shores of the Dnieper and Volkhov! Eastern Dnieper trade, as it describes Hordadbe could tie at least a hundred years before the Arab geographer, ie, about half of the VIII century. However, there is a more direct reference to the time when start and develop this trade. In the Dnieper found many treasures from the ancient Arabic coins, silver dirgemami. Most of them belong the IX and X centuries. by the time most of the eastern trade of Russia. But there is a clade in which the most recent coin not later than the beginning of IX. And the earliest date back to the top VIII century. occasionally come across a coin VII. and that only the most recent of his age. This numismatic chronicle clearly shows that it is in the VIII. emerged and been consolidated Slavs of the Dnieper trade hozarskim and the Arab East. But this century was a time approval Khazars in the southern Russian steppes: it is clear that the Khazars, and were trading intermediaries between the East and the Russian Slavs.
consequence of success of the eastern trade of the Slavs, tied in the VIII., Was the emergence of the earliest trading cities in Russia. Tale of the beginning of the Russian land can not remember when there were these cities: Kiev, Pereslavl. Chernigov, Smolensk, Ljubech, Novgorod, Rostov, Polotsk. At the moment, with which she begins the story of Russia, most of these cities, if not all of them, apparently, had already been significant settlements. Quite cursory glance at the geographic location of these cities to see that they were created by the successes of Foreign Trade of Russia. Most of them lengthened long-chain along the main river route "from the Vikings to Greeks", along the line of the Dnieper - Volkhov, only a few Pereyaslavl on Trubezh, Chernihiv on the gums. Rostov region Upper Volga, moved east from this, as if to say, an operating basis of Russian trade as its eastern outposts, indicating the direction of its flanking to the Azov and Caspian seas. The emergence of these large trading towns were the completion of a complex economic process, tying the Slavs in new places of residence. We have seen that the East Slavs settled along the Dnieper river and its tributaries alone fenced yards. With the development of trade among these odnodvorok have teams trading points, places of industrial exchange where the trappers, and bee-hunter came together to trade for gostby was said in the old days. These collection points are called graveyards. Subsequently, with the adoption of Christianity in these local rural markets as usual human gatherings of primarily Christian churches were set: if the value received churchyard where is the rural parish church. When the churches were buried the dead: hence the value of a churchyard cemetery. Coincided with the parishes, or to them held in conjunction with the rural administrative division: it is reported churchyard value of the rural parish. But all of this - the later meaning of the term: the original so-called modular trade, "living room" space. Small rural markets pulled to larger, appearing on Jaunty especially trade routes. Of these major markets, serving as intermediaries between the native industrialists and foreign markets, and increased our ancient trading cities of the Greco-Varangian trade route. City, these were the shopping centers and major share points for the formed around industrial districts. These are two important economic consequences that accompanied the settlement of the Slavs the Dnieper and its tributaries: it is 1) the development of the outer southern and eastern Black Sea-Caspian trade Slavs and resulting forest industries, 2) appearance the oldest cities in Russia with trying to catch him commercial and industrial districts. Both these facts can be attributed to the VIII century.
presentation will conclude the economic consequences resettlement of the Eastern Slavs one caveat to prevent possible misunderstanding on your part. Delivering news about the trade of the Eastern Slavs in VIII and IX centuries. I called them Russian Slavs, spoke about Russia, the Russian merchants as if it were an expression odnoznachaschie and timely, but about Russia among the Eastern Slavs in the VIII. not be heard, and in IX and X centuries. Russia among the eastern Slavs - not Slavs, differed from them as they arrived and the ruling class of native and Dependency population. In the next hour we will touch upon this important subject in our history, and now merely note that, using the customary usage and speaking of the Russian Slavs of those ages, I meant the Slavs, who later became known as Russian. Dwelt among the eastern Slavs, Russia became a direct and expand trade movement, which she found here, but in industrial progress, it has achieved, and participated in the native Slavs, whose labor is excited and directed its demand.
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